The Congressional Research Service (CRS) is a publication of Congress. It is publicly funded and officially non-partisan as opposed to being, say, a privately company owned by a left-aligned oligarch. I bring them up as an edge case; a sin that the CRS is capable of committing is well within the realm of plausibility for CNN or The Guardian or PBS or the Associated Press.
The CRS recently published a report titled U.S. Capture of Venezuela's Nicolas Maduro: Considerations for Congress. It's fairly short, but at one point it writes:
"Some experts have disputed the Administration's claims about Venezuela, including those regarding the existence of a non-international armed conflict, Maduro's direction of TDA, and stolen oil."
The underscores were added here to represent hyperlinks. For stolen oil, the hyperlink takes you to a January 4 PBS article titled Fact-checking Trump's claims after U.S. strike on Venezuela and capture of Maduro.
It's pretty long, but under it's stolen oil section it only mentions the 1975 Venezuelan nationalization and subsequent buyout at a loss that the target companies accepted, quoting the Washington Post that "The U.S. was much more interested in having Venezuela be a provider of oil -- relatively cheap oil -- than to have a production collapse in Venezuela...As a result, the change was relatively uncontroversial at the time."
This section goes on, but makes no mention of any subsequent moves by the Venezuelan government to the same or similar effect, lending the impression that 1975, half a century ago, is the last time Venezuela stole oil from foreign companies.
There's just one problem: it isn't true. In 2007 the Chavez government carried out a new round of nationalization. While it was more wide-ranging than just the petroleum industry (it also affected the electricity and telecommunications sectors), our focus here is oil so here at the deeds:
It was ordered that PVDSA, the state-owned oil company of Venezuela, must own a "60% stake in all heavy crude projects in the Orinoco Belt, forcing foreign companies to accept new contractual conditions or leave the country. As a result, ExxonMobil and ConocoPhillips withdrew from Venezuela."
Subsequently, these two companies sued Venezuela in an international court, the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID). It awarded both a cumulative $10.3 billion in damages, of which Venezuela has paid back only a small fraction (possibly as little as <3 percent). Even this is less than what both companies claim they are really owed in lost earnings, which amounts to several tens of billions of dollars.
So why did CRS imply that the stolen oil claim had been debunked by experts? Because their source was a shoddy, poorly researched PBS article...
...Which is what this thread is really about. Secondhand reporting.
I don't know what the CRS article author's intentions were. Did they intentionally seek to misrepresent the full extent of the current regime's wrongdoing? Did they naively assume that PBS did its due diligence on the topic? Or was there "motivated reasoning" involved, wherein they found a source that fit their biases and purposefully avoided doing further research that might call the reliability of said source's claims into question?
Either way, the primary think tank to service U.S. Congress just cited a PBS article and did no fact checking of its own on the matter.
Like I said, CRS is an edge case. If they did this, then what about private companies allowed to be as openly partisan as they want?
Let's say you've got ten journalists working for various oligarch-controlled publications. The first to the punch does his research, realizes this is a nuanced issue with more than a little evidence favoring claims made by the Trump Administration or the GOP at large...and decides to lie about it (either directly or by omission). Maybe there's a non-zero chance someone could hold him accountable for lying.
But then what about the other nine? Well, if they cite him as an expert, thus proclaim that "the experts have debunked Trump's talking point", then they're also being untruthful but in such a way that there's no skin off their back whatever happens to the first guy. If someone calls them out for this, they can always claim they assumed the initial source to be factually correct.
But hey, who am I kidding? No one's actually going to comb through the news and find every case where the first guy was cited.
In other words, as long as someone is willing to write a full article, however spurious its contents, it can be held up by all the rest via secondhand reporting as the "experts debunking" whatever pesky facts are getting in the way of the narrative. They can basically manufacture evidence to support any position they want.
We are truly living in a post-truth world.