Exploitation might loosely be defined as taking opportunistic advantage of someone else's unfavorable circumstances, especially in a way that results in some additional harm to the sufferer.
The concept has come to occupy outsized importance in contemporary Western ethics, and has been made to include everything from Walmart paying its greeters minimum wage to Andrew Tate confiscating his immigrant girlfriend's passport and making her shoot naughty webcam videos for him. But for the sake of this discussion I will tender a narrow definition of exploitation:
- The exploiter takes advantage of during or after the fact of, but is not the cause of, another's original misfortune; and
- The exploiter does not employ coercion, but instead leverages the promise of some relief from said misfortune to secure whatever it is he or she wants in return.
So this definition would include, say, the owner of a Somalian sweatshop who pays his workers in pennies because he knows a Somali single mother of 5 is desperate enough for work to accept his terms, but not the owner of a sweatshop that uses hired muscle to physically prevent workers from leaving the compound (I.e. modern-day slavery).
Likewise, it would include a man who offered a homeless woman the chance to spend the below-zero winter night inside his warm house in exchange for having sex with him once, but not a kidnapper who kidnapped a woman, locked her in his basement, and made her his sex slave.
For purposes of this discussion I will add two more stipulations:
- The exploiter does not trick the sufferer via asymmetrical information (e.g. offering a dehydrated man in the desert a bottle of water if he signs over all his life savings without telling him that, just over the next hill, there's civilization and a working water fountain); and
- The exploiter does not take advantage of a debilitating character flaw or mental weakness of the sufferer to convince them to agree to terms that are not actually in their best interest. So for example, tapping into an addiction or irresistible compulsion, or a serious mental illness of some other stripe.
I don't dispute that, in all these hypotheticals, the morally correct thing to do is to offer help to those who need it without the expectation of reward. But my position is that relatively few people truly choose this option.
You see, there's four possible ways to respond when you know that somebody is in need:
A. Help them and demand nothing in return
B. Exploit them (re: help them in some way, and demand something in return)
C. Offer no help, get nothing in return
D. Offer no help, get something anyway (i.e. robbery, scams, etc).
For the sake of this discussion let's rule out instances of D. Instead let's talk about A, B, and C, starting with A.
The world has over 8 billion people, around 10% of whom live on the US equivalent of $2.15 or less per day, and a very large chunk of whom aren't quite that desperate but are still objectively poor. Though the average Westerner is willing to perform some light charity, like tipping at a restaurant (in the US) or rounding up their retail store purchase to give a couple cents to a children's hospital or whatever, very few people give away the entirety of their disposable income to noble causes. Today it's considered to be a fairly exceptional person who tithes 10% of his/her income whereas, for the average Westerner, well over 10% of their income is disposable. Sure, many of us are willing to move mountains for beloved family members or friends, but charity that hinges on a deep emotional connection generally rules out giving to anonymous adult strangers halfway across the world whose needs are just as real. A steady donation of $1,500 every year, either in cash or in basic goods like food, would be a life-changing break for a poor family in, say, Haiti or the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and the average American has the means to help at least one person/household in this manner, if not multiple. But most of us do not.
Where am I going with this? The default option for most people is C, meaning that discussions of exploitation generally entail Cs sitting in a seat of judgment over Bs and accusing them of a grievous sin against their fellow man.
Now to be clear, I am not levying a charge of hypocrisy against the Cs because their attitudes are consistent with the prevailing values of the West today; most people do genuinely consider exploitation to be more disgusting than apathy, even when, ultimately, the consequences for apathy turn out to be worse - because, again, when no coercion or trickery is involved, rational actors will take the best deal available to them. Those agreeing to be exploited, insofar as it meets all of the above criteria, are making that choice because the only alternatives are even worse. They perceive that the harms that come out of the deal are outweighed by the harms they're getting relief from in the course of accepting the deal.
But anyway, the question up for discussion is this: is exploitation, in fact, worse than taking no action to help in the face of human suffering?