Debby

Because a photon is never at rest and has zero rest mass, using E=MC2 would incorrectly result Iin zero . To account for massless particles in motion modern physics uses Einstein’s complete relativistic energy equation. E2=(pc)2 + (m0c2)2.

Debby

Why sound cannot be used instead of redshift.in astronomy.

Sound waves are mechanical vibrations that require a physical medium (like air, water or gas) to travel. Space is a near perfect vacuum meaning sound waves cannot propagate through it.

Redshift applies to electromagnetic radiation (like light, radio waves, or X-rays) stretching out as objects move away or as the universe expands. Sound is a pressure wave in matter, not light or radiation.

while sound waves experience a shift in frequency and pitch when a source moves relative to an observer (known as the Doppler effect, like a passing siren) this principle only works locally inside an atmosphere or medium, it cannot measure the vast , inter galactic distances and cosmic expansion that Astronomical redshift measures.

Learn the difference instead of just relying on your leap of faith.

Debby

The Catholic Church is guided by the Holy Spirit and therefore infallible. There might be small differences between Popes, but they don’t rise to the level of fallibility.